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APPOINTMENT

Warning Signs and What to Look for: Anxiety and Depression in Children

Depressive Symptoms in Young Children

Historically, there was resistance in acknowledging that children could experience depression. It wasn't until the 1980s that studies showed children could have the same fundamental symptoms as adults. Children exhibit symptoms like anhedonia (decreased ability to enjoy activities), sustained sad mood, disturbances in sleep and appetite. These symptoms can be identified even in children as young as three years old through developmentally translated probes.

The brain's neuroplasticity is higher in early development, making early intervention more effective. Untreated mood disorders can negatively impact development, emphasizing the need for early identification and treatment. Treating these disorders early can prevent negative developmental effects, enabling children to traverse developmental milestones successfully.

Symptoms in Older Children and Adolescents

In elementary school-aged children, signs may include social withdrawal, sadness, decreased motivation, changes in appetite, psychomotor slowing, and fatigue. Teachers should be vigilant for changes in behavior, particularly if a child who was previously outgoing becomes withdrawn. Increased guilt and negative self-talk are also indicators of depression in children.

During adolescence, symptoms remain similar, with increased sadness, guilt, and anhedonia. Adolescents may also show signs of passive or active suicidality. Self-harm behaviors, though non-specific, are critical indicators that need immediate attention. Suicidality, once thought to manifest later, is now seen even in children as young as four or five.

Treatment and Intervention

Early identification and intervention are crucial. For children older than six, cognitive behavioral therapy and age-adapted interpersonal psychotherapy are effective. Medications have been tested for children as young as six or seven. For those under six, parent-child interaction therapy targeting emotional development has shown promise.

Conclusion

In conclusion, children's emotional development is as vital as their cognitive and motor skills. It's crucial for educators and caregivers to foster this development and address any disorders promptly. With appropriate treatment, children can overcome these challenges and lead fulfilling lives. Dr. Luby's research and clinical work emphasize the importance of these issues. Thank you, Dr. Luby, for your invaluable contribution to understanding childhood anxiety and depression.